Bronchoscopy is a medical procedure that is performed to diagnose different diseases of the lungs and to examine the airways. It is also a part of treatment for lung diseases. In this procedure, a tube is used that passes through the mouth, windpipe, and then into the lungs. Through this tube, a doctor can see the inside of the lungs clearly which helps diagnose the disease. Bronchoscopes that are used in the procedure can be rigid or it can be flexible according to the needs of an individual patient. A bronchoscopy is performed when there are symptoms of infection, cough, and unusual mass in a chest x-ray. Bronchoscopy is also used to take a tissue sample from the lungs. This is usually performed when tumor growth is suspected and the biopsy test needs to be performed to diagnose the disease. Bronchoscopy also has some risks of damaging the important blood vessels and nerves that can lead to abnormal rhythm of the heart. Bronchoscopy which is done with a poor technique can also cause damage to the lungs that can lead to further complications. The findings from the bronchoscopy test help the doctor to diagnose the diseases and to determine the treatment plan of an individual patient.
Types of Bronchoscopy Treatment India
Some of the types of bronchoscopy are:
- Flexible Bronchoscopy
- Rigid Bronchoscopy
- Virtual Bronchoscopy
- Endobronchial Ultrasound (EBUS)
- Transbronchial Biopsy
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL)
- Bronchial Thermoplasty
Flexible Bronchoscopy
This is the most common type of bronchoscopy. It involves using a thin, flexible tube called a bronchoscope that has a camera and light on the end. The bronchoscope is inserted through the nose or mouth and passed into the windpipe and then into the lungs. This procedure helps to diagnose disease and to treat the condition of the lungs.
Rigid Bronchoscopy
In Rigid bronchoscopy, a rigid tube is used to pass through the lungs. It is often performed under general anesthesia and is used for more complex procedures such as removing any obstruction from the airways and controlling bleeding.
Virtual Bronchoscopy
Virtual bronchoscopy is a non-invasive technique that uses computed tomography (CT) scans to create a clear picture of the airways. It is used to find out any abnormality of structures or, the presence of tumors and to plan the treatment according to findings.
Endobronchial Ultrasound (EBUS)
EBUS combines bronchoscopy with ultrasound technology to see the walls of airways and nearby structures. It is commonly used to find out the extent of lung cancer and to diagnose other conditions.
Transbronchial Biopsy
This procedure is often performed during flexible bronchoscopy. A small sample of lung tissue is taken for examination usually to diagnose lung diseases like infections and bleeding.
Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL)
BAL is a technique where a small section of the lung is washed with saline. The washed fluid is then collected and examined for cells and other substances that help in diagnosing lung infections and other lung conditions.
Bronchial Thermoplasty
This is a specialized bronchoscopy that is used to treat severe asthma. It involves delivering controlled thermal energy to the airway walls to reduce the mass and alleviate the symptoms of asthma.
Procedure of Bronchoscopy
The general overview of the bronchoscopy procedure is described below:
- Anesthesia: Anesthesia or sedation is usually given to the patient so that the patient is comfortable and relaxed during the procedure.
- Inserting the Bronchoscope: A bronchoscope, a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera, is gently inserted through the nose or mouth. It is guided down the throat and into the airways and ultimately into the lungs.
- Examining the Airways: The doctor examines the airways on a monitor as the bronchoscope is guided deeper. The doctor then checks for abnormalities, takes samples, or removes fluid if needed.
- Biopsy or Treatment: If a biopsy is required, small tissue samples might be taken by using special tools attached to the bronchoscope. Treatments like removing foreign bodies can also be done during bronchoscopy.
- Recovery: After the procedure, the medications are given to the patient to avoid any complications and risks. This can also help in fast recovery.
Cost of Bronchoscopy in India
The cost of bronchoscopy in India ranges from 535 USD to 720 USD. The cost can vary if there is a need for a tissue sample or to remove the foreign body during the procedure. The cost can also vary according to the complication of each patient.
Bronchoscopy : 535 USD - 712 USD
Indications of Bronchoscopy
Some of the indications of bronchoscopy are as follows:
- Lung Infections
- Persistent Cough
- Lung Cancer Staging
- Hemoptysis (Coughing up Blood)
- Foreign Body Removal
- Airway Obstruction
- Interstitial Lung Disease
- Tuberculosis (TB) Diagnosis
- Unexplained Lung Nodules
- Airway Tumors
- Immunocompromised Patients
- Granulomatous Diseases
Risk Factors of Bronchoscopy
Some of the risk factors of bronchoscopy are:
Bleeding
There is a risk of bleeding during the procedure of bronchoscopy. When the tube enters the airways it can irritate the tissues and may cause bleeding.
Infection
There is a small chance of infection during the bronchoscopy. The infection can spread anywhere.
Allergic Reactions
Some people might have allergies to anesthesia or medications used. Allergic reactions can be mild skin irritation to more severe symptoms like difficulty in breathing.
Breathing Problems
Bronchoscopy can also cause breathing issues. During the procedure, a patient may feel the symptoms of breathlessness and irritation in the chest area.
Lung Collapse
There is also a risk of damage to the lungs. This can happen if air leaks from the lungs during the procedure which can lead to lung collapse.
Heart Problems
People with already existing heart conditions can have complications like the irregular rhythm of the heart and changes in blood pressure. This can also occur in people with no problems of the heart.
Perforation
There is a very small chance of puncturing the lung. During the procedure, there is a possibility of the bronchoscope accidentally puncturing the lung tissue.
Side Effects from Sedation
Some people experience the side effects of medications and anesthesia. It may occur in people with allergies.
Complications of Underlying Conditions
People with lung or heart conditions can have complications during the procedure. People with conditions like severe asthma or heart disease might be at a higher risk for complications during or after bronchoscopy.
